The 30-year history of the SKA project

Prof. Philip Diamond, SKAO Director-General, looks back at 30 years of scientific, engineering and diplomatic milestones that have made the SKA project possible as the green light is given for construction of the SKA telescopes to start. Find out more: http://www.skatelescope.org/news/green-light-for-ska-construction/

What is there after the end of the universe? About a googol years from now — that’s a 1 followed by 100 zeroes — the last objects in the universe, supermassive black holes, will finish evaporating via Hawking radiation. After this, the universe enters a so-called Dark Era, where matter is just a distant memory.

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How many universes are there? – Chris Anderson

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The fact that no one knows the answer to this question is what makes it exciting. The story of physics has been one of an ever-expanding understanding of the sheer scale of reality, to the point where physicists are now postulating that there may be far more universes than just our own. Chris Anderson explores the thrilling implications of this idea.

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The true science of parallel universes

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The Boltzmann brain paradox

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Are we living in a simulation?

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Turbulence: one of the great unsolved mysteries of physics

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What is there after the end of the universe?

About a googol years from now — that’s a 1 followed by 100 zeroes — the last objects in the universe, supermassive black holes, will finish evaporating via Hawking radiation. After this, the universe enters a so-called Dark Era, where matter is just a distant memory.

Can the universe be reborn?

The universe could bounce through its own demise and emerge unscathed. A new “big bounce” model shows how the universe could shrink to a point and grow again, using just the cosmic ingredients we know about now.

Will universe have an end?

Scientists now consider it unlikely the universe has an end — a region where the galaxies stop or where there would be a barrier of some kind marking the end of space.

What is beyond our universe?

The trite answer is that both space and time were created at the big bang about 14 billion years ago, so there is nothing beyond the universe. However, much of the universe exists beyond the observable universe, which is maybe about 90 billion light years across.

What is there after the end of the universe? – Related Questions

What is bigger than the universe?

No, the universe contains all solar systems, and galaxies.

How much longer will the universe last?

Eventually, 100 trillion years from now, all star formation will cease, ending the Stelliferous Era that’s be running since not long after our universe first formed. Much later, in the so-called Degenerate Era, galaxies will be gone, too. Stellar remnants will fall apart.

Is the universe infinite?

The observable universe is finite in that it hasn’t existed forever. It extends 46 billion light years in every direction from us.

How long will the earth last?

The upshot: Earth has at least 1.5 billion years left to support life, the researchers report this month in Geophysical Research Letters. If humans last that long, Earth would be generally uncomfortable for them, but livable in some areas just below the polar regions, Wolf suggests.

Will the universe stop expanding?

According to their model, the acceleration of the universe could rapidly end within the next 65 million years — then, within 100 million years, the universe could stop expanding altogether, and instead it could enter an era of slow contraction that ends billions of years from now with the death — or perhaps the rebirth

What created the universe?

Our universe began with an explosion of space itself – the Big Bang. Starting from extremely high density and temperature, space expanded, the universe cooled, and the simplest elements formed. Gravity gradually drew matter together to form the first stars and the first galaxies.

How many universes are there?

In a new study, Stanford physicists Andrei Linde and Vitaly Vanchurin have calculated the number of all possible universes, coming up with an answer of 10^10^16.

Will the Big Rip happen?

A new mathematical model has been revealed that supports the idea that the universe could tear itself apart in 22 billion years, in a moment that everything from galaxies to stars, planets, individual atoms and even time itself are torn to shreds.

Why is the Big Rip not possible?

The key value is the equation of state parameter w, the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density. If −1 < w < 0, the expansion of the universe tends to accelerate, but the dark energy tends to dissipate over time, and the Big Rip does not happen.

Will the universe freeze?

According to our best models of the evolution of the universe, the most likely scenario is what’s called the Big Freeze. If dark energy keeps accelerating the expansion of the universe forever – and calculations suggest that it will – then the cosmos is in for a slow death that’s drawn out for a googol years.

Will all matter eventually decay?

Physics aside, there would also be a final bit of profound philosophical significance to the discovery of proton decay. “It means that all matter in the universe eventually disintegrates,” Stone says.

Is the universe eternal?

While the universe is evolving, there is no beginning and no end – the universe exists forever. The early state of inflation is described in two different, but equivalent pictures. In the freeze frame the universe emerges from an almost static state with flat geometry.

Do atoms ever touch?

Again, atoms never touch in the everyday sense of the word for the simple reason that they don’t have hard boundaries. But in every other sense of the word “touch” that has meaning at the atomic level, atoms certainly touch.

What is the most stable thing in the universe?

Protons, being one of the most stable particles, help keep the universe stable, and a hospitable enough place for its contents—including us.

What’s the hardest thing in the universe?

Summary: A team of scientists has calculated the strength of the material deep inside the crust of neutron stars and found it to be the strongest known material in the universe.

What is the largest void in the universe?

At nearly 330 million light-years in diameter (approximately 0.27% of the diameter of the observable Universe), or nearly 236,000 Mpc³ in volume, the Boötes void is one of the largest known voids in the Universe, and is referred to as a supervoid. Its discovery was reported by Robert Kirshner et al.

Why is space so big?

Why is the Universe so Big? The Universe is so big because it is constantly expanding, and it does so at a speed that even exceeds the speed of light. Space itself is actually growing, and this is going on for around 14 billion years or so.

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Scientists think they’ve detected radio emissions from an alien world

By Meghan Bartels

published December 17, 2020

Similar findings may tell scientists about magnetic fields around exoplanets.

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Scientists may have detected radio emissions from a planet orbiting a star beyond our sun for the first time.

The astronomers behind the new research used a radio telescope in the Netherlands to study three different stars known to host exoplanets. The researchers compared what they saw to observations of Jupiter, diluted as if being seen from a star system dozens of light-years away. And one star system stood out: Tau Boötes, which contains at least one exoplanet. If the detection holds up, it could open the door to better understanding the magnetic fields of exoplanets and therefore the exoplanets themselves, the researchers hope.

“We present one of the first hints of detecting an exoplanet in the radio realm,” Jake Turner, an astronomer at Cornell University and lead author of the new research, said in a statement. “We make the case for an emission by the planet itself. From the strength and polarization of the radio signal and the planet’s magnetic field, it is compatible with theoretical predictions.”

ASTRON

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Logo of the ASTRON organization
Formation	1949; 73 years ago
Purpose	Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Location	Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
Website	www.astron.nl

ASTRON is the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. Its main office is in Dwingeloo in the Dwingelderveld National Park in the province of Drenthe. ASTRON is part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Goals[edit]

ASTRON’s main mission is to make discoveries in radio astronomy happen, via the development of new and innovative technologies, the operation of world-class radio astronomy facilities, and the pursuit of fundamental astronomical research. Engineers and astronomers at ASTRON have an outstanding international reputation for novel technology development, and fundamental research in galactic and extra-galactic astronomy. Its main funding comes from NWO.

ASTRON’s programme has three principal elements:^{[citation needed]}

The operation of front line observing facilities, including especially the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and LOFAR,
The pursuit of fundamental astronomical research using ASTRON facilities, together with a broad range of other telescopes around the world and space-borne instruments (e.g. Spitzer, HST etc.)
A strong technology development programme, encompassing both innovative instrumentation for existing telescopes and the new technologies needed for future facilities.

In addition, ASTRON is active in the international science policy arena and is one of the leaders in the international SKA project.^{[citation needed]} The Square Kilometre Array will be the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope with a total collecting area of approximately one square kilometre. The SKA will be built in Southern Africa and in Australia. It is a global enterprise bringing together 11 countries from the 5 continents.

Observing facilities[edit]

Radio telescopes[edit]

Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in 2010

ASTRON operates the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), one of the largest radio telescopes in the world. The WSRT and the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) are dedicated to explore the universe at radio frequencies ranging from 10 MHz to 8 GHz.

In addition to its use as a stand-alone radio telescope, the Westerbork array participates in the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network (EVN) of radio telescopes.

ASTRON is the host institute for the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE). Its primary task is to operate the EVN MkIV VLBI Data Processor (correlator). JIVE also provides a high-level of support to astronomers and the Telescope Network. ASTRON also hosts the NOVA Optical/ Infrared instrumentation group.

Technology development[edit]

Mid-frequency aperture array test site for the SKA, in South Africa

Discovery in astronomy goes hand in hand with innovation in technology. ASTRON pursues an proactive programme of technical development, aimed both at providing innovative instrumentation for use on current observing facilities, and at laying the groundwork for future generations of telescopes and signal processing instrumentation.

To these ends, the ASTRON facility in Dwingeloo maintains a well equipped R&D division specializing in the design, prototyping and qualification of:^{[citation needed]}